The Rejection at Nazareth

But what prevents Jesus from filling men with awe, though He were the supposed Son of Joseph? Do you not see the divine miracles, Satan already prostrate, men released from their sickness? For though after a long time and when He had begun to show forth His miracles, He came to them; they did not receive Him, but again were inflamed with envy. Hence it follows, "And he said to them, 'You will surely say to me this proverb, Physician, heal yourself.'" It was as if they said, "We have heard that you performed many cures in Capernaum; do likewise in your own city, where you were nourished and brought up."

But the Savior purposely excuses Himself for not working miracles in His own country, that no one might suppose that patriotism should be taken lightly. For it follows, "But he says, 'Verily I say to you, that no prophet is accepted in his own country.'" As if He says, "You wish me to work many miracles among you, in whose country I have been brought up, but I am aware of a very common failing in the minds of many. To a certain extent it always happens, that very often even the very best things are despised when they fall to a man's lot. So it happens also with respect to men. For a friend who is ever at hand, does not meet with the respect due to him."

But this is given as an example, that if you envy others the fruits of their virtue, you expect in vain the aid of God's mercy. The Lord despises the envious, and withdraws the miracles of His power from those that are jealous of His divine blessings in others. For our Lord's Incarnation is an evidence of His divinity, and His invisible things are proved to us by those which are visible. See then what evils envy produces: because of envy a country is deemed unworthy of the works of its citizen, which was worthy of the conception of the Son of God. By a very apt comparison the arrogance of envious citizens is put to shame, and our Lord's conduct shown to agree with the ancient Scriptures.

Jesus convicted them of their evil intentions, and therefore they are enraged, and hence what follows, "And all they in the synagogue when they heard these things were filled with wrath." Because He had said, "This day is this prophecy fulfilled", they thought that He compared Himself to the prophets, and are therefore enraged, and expel Him out of their city. At the same time we must understand that this bodily endurance was not necessary, but voluntary. When He wills, He is taken, when He wills, He escapes. For how could He be held by a few who was not held by a whole people? But He would have the impiety to be the deed of the many, in order that by a few indeed He might be afflicted, but might die for the whole world. Moreover, He had still rather heal the Jews than destroy them, that by the fruitless issue of their rage they might be dissuaded from wishing what they could not accomplish.

References:
Catena Aurea (St. Thomas Aquinas)
Homily 48 on Matthew (St. John Chrysostom)
Commentary on the Gospel of Luke, Sermon XII (St. Cyril of Alexandria)
Commentary on the Gospel according to Saint Luke (St. Ambrose of Milan)
Explanations on the New Testament (St. Theophylact of Ochrid)